…lar#15782)

* 3.1. Add MDC to deps

Adds MDC as a peer dependency and updates various build and test config
files accordingly.

* 3.2. Add the new component skeleton

Adds files for MDC-based MatCheckbox.

* 3.3. Add a demo for the new component

Adds a demo of the MDC-based MatCheckbox at
http://localhost:4200/mdc-checkbox.

* 3.4. Copy in the canonical MDC DOM and add the MDC styles

Adds the MDCCheckbox DOM and styles to the MDC-based MatCheckbox.

* 3.5. Set up the MDC foundation

Adds the MDCCheckboxFoundation and MDCFormFieldFoundation and translates
the lifecycle setup from their respective components
(https://github.com/material-components/material-components-web/blob/master/packages/mdc-checkbox/component.ts
and
https://github.com/material-components/material-components-web/blob/master/packages/mdc-form-field/component.ts)
into our MDC-based MatCheckbox.

* 3.6. Add a custom MDC adapter

Adds an Angular adapter for MDCCheckboxFoundation and MDCFormFieldFoundation

* 3.7. Fill in the missing APIs to match the API of the existing Angular Material component

Fills in the remaining APIs on the MDC-based MatCheckbox.

* 3.8. Copy over the existing demo page to the MDC-based demo

Copies over the demo page for the existing MatCheckbox to the demo page
for the MDC-based MatCheckbox. Also adds an additional demo to both
pages.

* 4.1. Manual inspection and testing

Adds ripple using RippleRenderer which results in a smaller size than
MatRipple or MDCRipple. Also adds support for disabling animations.

* 4.2. Copy over unit tests and update them

Copies over all of the tests from the existing MatCheckbox and fixes
issues that were uncovered by the tests.

* 4.3. Copy over e2e tests if any exist

Adds MDC-based MatCheckbox to the e2e app and copies over the tests for
the existing MatCheckbox.

* 4.4. Add MDC-based component to universal-app

Adds a couple examples of the MDC-based MatCheckbox to the universal
app.

* 5.2. Investigate and fix size regressions

Removes usgaes of constants from `MDCRippleFoundation`. It looks like
their use was preventing the class from being tree-shaken. Results after
removing the constants show that the MDC-based implementation is 3kb
smaller:
https://github.com/mmalerba/mdc-size-comparison/blob/ee1b73a181c4a23345251656df23574140a747c0/results/size-summary.txt

* 8. Add user documentation

Adds documentation explaining what this component is and how to
experiment with it in your app.

* 9.2. Address CI failures and reviewer feedback

Fixes unit tests in Edge and approves the new API goldens for checkbox.