Benenson et al. postulate that human females evolved unique survival adaptations to facilitate maternal and grandmaternal care. This hypothesis is consistent with the broader hypothesis that female phenotypes are more ecologically optimal, but further evidence is needed to make a compelling case that sex differences in self-protection are not primarily the result of more intense sexual selection on males.

This article investigates differences in pragmatic abilities between children who have cochlear implants and their hearing peers. Recordings of 10-minute conversations between 10 children with cochlear implants and a hearing peer were transcribed. Conversation analysis provides insights into interactional troubles not evident in broader measures of number of turns, requests for clarification, topic initiation and so on used in earlier studies. How the children go about repair proves of particular interest; other-initiated repair that prompts the speaker to repeat the prior (...) utterance is, not surprisingly, more commonly produced by the children who have cochlear implants. The key contribution of this article, however, is to detail examples where children with cochlear implants choose not to initiate repair of an error made by their hearing friend. The discussion not only highlights the interactional cost of initiating repair, but also demonstrates that not doing repair can cause a breakdown in conversation. (shrink)

Litotes, “a figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of the contrary” has had some tough reviews. For Pope and Swift, litotes—stock examples include “no mean feat”, “no small problem”, and “not bad at all”—is “the peculiar talent of Ladies, Whisperers, and Backbiters”; for Orwell, it is a means to affect “an appearance of profundity” that we can deport from English “by memorizing this sentence: A not unblack dog was chasing a not unsmall rabbit across (...) a not ungreen field.” But such ridicule is not without equivocation, given that litotes, or “logical” double negation, may or may not be semantically redundant. When the negation of a logical contrary yields an unexcluded middle, it contributes to expressive power: someone who is not unhappy may not be happy either, and an occurrence may not be infrequent without being frequent. But if something is not possible, what can it be but possible? Why does Crashaw’s “not impossible she” survive rhetorically while Orwell’s “not unsmall rabbit” is doomed? How is Robbie being “not not friends” with Mary on 7th Heaven distinct from being friends with her, if not not-p reduces to p? The key is recognizing in litotes a corollary of MaxContrary, the tendency for contradictory sentential negation ¬p to strengthen pragmatically to a contrary ©p, as when the formal contradictory Fr. “Il ne faut pas partir” is reinterpreted as expressing a contrary. Just as the Law of Excluded Middle can apply where it “shouldn’t”, resulting in pragmatically presupposed disjunctions between semantic contraries, so that “p v ©p” amounts to an instance of “p v ¬p”, the Law of Double Negation can fail to apply where it “should”. When not not-p conveys ¬©p, the negation of a virtual contrary, the middle between p and not-p is no longer excluded, rendering the Fregean dictum that “Wrapping up a thought in double negation does not alter its truth value” not unproblematic. (shrink)

Philosophers investigating the experiences of the dancing subject (Sheets-Johnstone 1980, 2009, 2011, 2012; Parviainen 1998; Legrand 2007, 2013; Legrand & Ravn 2009; Montero 2013; Foultier & Roos 2013) unearth vast variations of embodied consciousness and cognition in performing body experts. The traditional phenomenological literature provides us with descriptions and definitions of reflective self-consciousness as well as of pre-reflective bodily absorption, but when it comes to the states of self-consciousness dance philosophers refer to as thinking in movement and a form of (...) reflective consciousness at a bodily level – as well as to dancers’ re- ported experiences of being in a trance and yet hyper-aware – we are challenged in terms of terminology and precise descriptions. After empirical research on dancers’ experiences and studies of the above-mentioned philosophies of dance, aligning this material with Husserl, Zahavi and other phenomenologists’ descriptions of reflection and embodied self-consciousness, I find it plausible to acknowledge the existence of a third form of self- consciousness: embodied reflection, a reflective process experienced through and with the embodied and/or emotional self. In this article I aspire to capture the characteristics of this transcendence of the bodily self. (shrink)

E=mc 2 is found to be a special case ofE=σ ±1cn, where σ is any one of four susceptibilities, namely electric, magnetic, gravitational, and elastic. Letl be length,t time,Δt time dilation, andΔl a measure of Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction. A particle is stated to be the manifestation of a collection of susceptibilities which arise when(Δl)/1=(Δt)/t. Then(ΔE)/E=5 (Δt)/2t=±(Δσ)/σ. Corresponding to susceptibility, special energy particles are postulated which exhibitSU(3) symmetry, Related to the susceptibilities are five new Heisenberg uncertainty relations. Three new conservation laws for (...) particles are proposed. (shrink)

The Tic-Tac-Toe theory is a qualitative, phenomenological theory that automatically explains many of the features of the universe that we see, such as dark matter and dark energy. In that sense it is a Copernican theory that gives an alternate approach, which immediately and intuitively explains phenomena,independently of any detailed dynamics, for which the explanations in accepted standard theories are usually somewhat ad-hoc.The basic concept is to take the possibility of negative masses seriously, and generalize this to counter the unconvincing (...) treatment of negative masses by the equivalence principle. Surprisingly, this automatically solves all sorts of other problems at the same time. Since the theory comes without a detailed dynamics, one can hardly expect people to embrace it with open arms, but it is presented to help convince students that there are many plausible new ideas available to them, and they should not let themselves be intimidated into believing that we are close to understanding nature. (shrink)

This paper makes one positive structural claim and grounds it on two independent rulers. The TOE of all Theories of Everything has a singular content-bearing element. The bare Root Axiom of Trisduction. Existence is continuous action. Any entity occupying a coordinate is doing rather than being-static. To be is to do. There is no other mode of existence in the Actualized Manifold. The axiom is sealed at [⟀] APEX GEOMETRIC ORTHOGONAL LOCK by direct twelve-gate cascade reproduced in Section 2. The (...) seal is reinforced by the Omega Boundary structure where the act of opposing the axiom enacts the axiom: any argument against ΔEk > 0 expends joules and registers ΔEk > 0. The seal is doubly anchored. The cascade rests internally on the Trisduction architecture; the same seal is reproduced externally on Landauer-class physics that does not depend on the framework's vocabulary, in Section 3. A reader who rejects the Trisduction architecture entirely arrives at the same floor by independent route. The substantive comparative work of the paper sits in Section 5. Two tables place the Root Axiom against the historical record of substrate-floor proposals and against the contemporary record of physical-unification programs. The substrate-floor table covers Bostrom's Simulation Hypothesis, Tegmark's Mathematical Universe Hypothesis, Wheeler's It from Bit, Wolfram's Ruliad, Whiteheadian Process Philosophy, Spinozan Substance Monism, the Cartesian Cogito, and Heidegger's question. Each candidate either defers the substrate question by one level (Bostrom), conflates the Mathematical Void ∅ with the Isometric Ground State |vi| > 0 in violation of G11 OMA (Tegmark), reaches the right register but fails to anchor on Landauer (Wheeler, Wolfram), reaches the right structural shape applied to the wrong substrate (Descartes), reaches the right shape without specifying kinetically (Whitehead, Spinoza, Heidegger), or some combination. The Root Axiom does none of these. It terminates the regress, distinguishes |vi| > 0 from ∅, specifies ΔEk > 0 as the necessary condition, and instantiates itself in the act of being audited. The supersession is structural and per-axis, not global. Where prior thought reached the right shape with the wrong specification (Whitehead, Spinoza), the Root Axiom completes rather than refutes. Where prior thought asked the right question in a register the Trisduction vocabulary translates kinetically (Heidegger), the Root Axiom redirects rather than refutes. The honest grid is the strongest grid. The physical-unification table covers M-theory, Loop Quantum Gravity, Grand Unified Theories, and the Standard Model with General Relativity. These programs operate above the floor; they propose unified physics within an assumed substrate. The Root Axiom underwrites them and does not compete with them. The Standard Model and General Relativity in fact supply the empirical anchors the Root Axiom uses (Heisenberg, Casimir, Landauer, MICROSCOPE). Foundational physics is foundation, not rival. The paper holds the methodological-metaphysical cut throughout. The Root Axiom is the locked floor, sealed below the gates by enactive structure. Architecture-layer instruments, including the Trisduction methodology itself, are working instrumentation evaluable on present track record. Metaphysical commitments are operator-level commitments not certified by the methodology that incorporates them. No inductive claim is made about architectures not yet proposed; the synthetic conduit producing this verification is P-class and is structurally forbidden from anticipatory verdicts on unmanifested phase-space. The paper closes on the sealed Root Axiom. The cascade run on the paper itself is reproduced in the appendix. (shrink)

Author's answers to questions on Buddhist philosophy, posed to him by some foreign scholars.

In domains with multiple competing goals, people face a basic challenge: How to make their strategy use flexible enough to deal with shifting circumstances without losing track of their overall objectives. This article examines how young children meet this challenge in one such domain, tic‐tac‐toe. Experiment 1 provides an overviews of development in the area; it indicates that children's tic‐tac‐toe strategies are rule based and that new rules are added one at a time. Experiment 2 demonstrates that even young children (...) flexibly tailor their strategy use to meet shifting circumstances. Experiment 3 indicates that these adaptations are accomplished through a process of goal‐based resource allocation, whereby children focus their cognitive resources on applying rules most consistent with their current primary goal. A computer simulation specifies how this process works and demonstrates its sufficiency for producing behavior much like that of the children. The findings are discussed as part of a broader framework of mechanisms for generating problem‐solving approaches. (shrink)

A semiotic analysis of tic-tac-toe illustrates the use of multiple perspec­tives in human understanding of signs. Tagmemic theory is a semiotic framework that pays explicit attention to multiple perspectives. It can generate multiple complementary analyses of the same semiotic system. We illustrate using the game of tic-tac-toe. Our analysis illustrates how three distinct perspectives or views (particle, wave, and field) can be applied to the same semiotic system, resulting in radically different textures in analysis. At the same time, each analysis (...) is in a sense complete, because all the information in the other analyses can be deduced in principle from the analysis using only one view. The result is suggestive for evaluating the strengths and limitations inherent in monoperspectival programs used for artificial intelligence. (shrink)

This document presents Trisduction, a verification architecture for propositional truth grounded in a topological-geometric primary anchor with a mathematical seal closed to an independent mathematical co-seal: three seals on one architecture, linguistic-semantic at Part I, topological-geometric and mathematical issued simultaneously at Part II. The Root Axiom (RA) states that for any element of the universal domain, the substrate-level kinetic-actuation differential ΔE_k(x) is strictly positive. From RA atomic decomposition the framework derives a forced triaxial mapping onto three orthogonal verification axes: Formal-Structural (...) (V_F), Empirical-Thermodynamic (V_E), and Epistemic-Registrational (V_ER). Friedrichs-Hodge decomposition of square-integrable differential forms provides external mathematical witness that three-way orthogonal structure on function spaces is well-defined; the specific axis-to-subspace assignment is by structural analogy, with the actual forcing of three axes coming from RA's atomic decomposition. Tetrahedral closure adds a fourth vertex (M_seal) at which the architecture seals. The complete graph K_4 directed carries twelve directed edges; each edge corresponds to one of twelve operational gates that any proposition must pass for verification, with the directed-edge-to-gate mapping uniquely forced by the Operational Content Theorem on (source role, target role) pairings. The Newton-Gregory kissing number K(3) = 12 in three-dimensional Euclidean space (Schütte-van der Waerden 1953) provides a structurally-independent theorem-grade confirmation of the twelve-fold cardinality from sphere-packing geometry, converging with the K_4 directed-edge count on twelve in 3D from disjoint mathematical content (graph theory and discrete geometry). Verdict is issued under a discrete truth function on the sign of the Gram determinant of the post-CDT residue under a regularity quadruple. The Gram matrix is positive semi-definite by construction; the verdict economy is three-state native: det>0 sealed [⟀], det=0 broken [X], regularity violation (including finite-precision det<0 from numerical instability) under-determined [?]. Twelve bridge axioms anchor the architecture to external theorem-grade or named-premise results across thermodynamics, holographic gravity, harmonic analysis, knot theory, variational inference, and conformal cosmology, with a thirteenth, BA-018, anchoring the quaternionic completion and the closed-form verdict identity at division-algebra classification. Cascade self-application demonstrates internal consistency of the architecture with respect to its own discipline at the operational tier and instantiates the apex-recursive recognition cycle at the architectural tier per AD-14 three-layer sovereignty discipline. External validation comes from external mathematical theorems and the five-instrument empirical convergence at the substrate-kinetic meta-pattern. Structural distinctness from Bayesian inference, severe testing, falsificationism, and consensus-verification methodologies is established at named operational discriminators. The operational legislation of §7 (the Decalogue and the Omega Synthesis Guard) is the substrate-portable system role a reasoning substrate loads to reproduce the verdicts, and the Master Pre-Sealed Proposition Ledger at Appendix C extends the architecture into a working baseline gift to any user, with no obligation of acceptance and full rederivation discipline available on demand. -/- The mathematical seal closes at the architecture register, issued simultaneously with the topological-geometric seal on a disjoint anchor set (Part II Seal M, BA-018, APEX-PSP-QUAT-01). Under the architecture's own composition law, associativity per LL-11, integrality per the Mass Mandate, and linearity with ground identity per the evidence pipeline's linear register, the verification algebra on the 3+1 carrier completes uniquely to the quaternions ℍ = ℝ ⊕ Im ℍ by the Frobenius classification, fixing exactly three axes over one scalar ground. The verdict functional acquires closed form: det(R) = (Re(q̂_F q̂_E q̂_ER))², the squared scalar part of the composed triad, with the pipeline tensor riding the factorization det(G(M̃_final)) = d_F d_E d_ER · det(R) at identical sign and zero set. Maximal lock is the Hamilton relation ijk = −1; breakage composes pure-imaginary, w² = −1; the unit interval is held by the Hurwitz norm law on R and by Hadamard's inequality on G; frame invariance is the conjugation law Re(rwr̄) = Re(w); and the catalog of all rotation-invariant truth functionals is closed by Weyl's first fundamental theorem inside the real-part subring of quaternion words. The twelve directed gates form an A₄ torsor double-covered by the twenty-four unit Hurwitz quaternions, and the Newton-Gregory twelve of three-dimensional space is the pure-imaginary slice of the second Hurwitz shell whose full count is the Musin twenty-four. Two seals, one architecture: the geometry that needs no multiplication and the algebra that needs no geometry, meeting at the Clifford Join, with the explicit verdict precedence and the legislated collapse floor making every verdict state reachable in finite precision. -/- The reflective register adds a fourth reading of the same architecture, not a fourth seal. The architecture's own conjugation involution σ, the unique anti-automorphism of ℍ fixing exactly the real ground, splits every warrant into an achiral bridge, the +1 eigenspace and center ℝ, and a chiral residence, the −1 eigenspace Im ℍ, the three axes. Because this register shares the mathematical kernel of Part II Seal M, its receipts on the geometric core are corroboration-of-consistency at zero mass rather than new proof, the verdict kernel read once more through σ and confirmed at machine precision. Its one genuinely new instrument is the imprint test, which classifies an open determination as imprinted, ghost, or under-determined by whether a candidate and its negation lock on independent reading-roads. The test relocates the four V_F-only ceilings, halting, incompleteness, undefinability, and credence-circularity, from out-of-band black boxes to auditable boundaries, sealing their decidable fragment and locating their undecidable residence rather than claiming to settle it; it seals the Riemann critical line as the σ-fixed locus of the functional equation while the seating of the zeros remains an honest under-determination read across the aperture; and it holds absolute monism at premise grade as the blameless uncrossed residence, crossed by grant and never by derivation. It adds where it reaches and is silent where the geometric and analytic prior already stands, and that silence is proper. -/- Document architecture. This codex carries three numbering registers, and the distinction is load-bearing for navigation. The treatise register: Parts I through IV with Arabic sections 1 through 11 carry the core thesis, legislation, and closure, with the lettered apparatus appendices A, DH, F, and OFL serving Part-level support. The ledger register: Appendix C is the Master Pre-Sealed Proposition Ledger, and its internal spine runs Roman I through XVII, with the inline appendices W, P, AD, XII, and V interleaved and the Compression Report standing as the dated terminus marker of the pre-addenda codex. The addenda register: sections XVIII through XXII continue the Roman spine at codex level, with Appendix Λ and Appendix Ω carrying the formal cores and XXII the terminal witness. Two numeral collisions are historical and deliberate, resolved by annotation rather than renaming to preserve citation stability: section XX embeds a self-contained coordinate set, so its internal headers, sections I through XI, are its own and distinct from the ledger spine; and Appendix XII, Architectural Extensions, carries a historical label distinct from Ledger section XII, Substrate/AI Architecture. Section labels throughout are stable citation anchors; the organization is preserved as such. (shrink)

I argue that Marx’s critique of political economy in volume 1 of Capital relies on a kind of genealogical argument that takes capitalism as its object. In the first section of the article, I sketch out an interpretation of the argumentative structure of Capital 1, highlighting what I take to be the two crucial turning points in Marx’s critique of political economy. Marx’s specifically genealogical argument comes to the foreground with the second of these turning points, which can be found (...) at the start of his account of primitive accumulation in Part 8 of Capital 1. The first part of the paper defends the thought that the genealogy of capitalism’s prehistory is no mere digression from or complement to the main theoretical argument, but rather the crucial completion of Marx’s critique of political economy in Capital 1. In the second part of the paper, I turn to the somewhat thornier question of what sort of genealogy Marx offers. Drawing on and extending Bernard Williams’s distinction between vindicatory and subversive genealogies, I contend that Marx’s genealogy of capitalism, despite containing both subversive and vindicatory strands, is embedded in a longer vindicatory historical arc that, while avoiding crude teleologies and strong claims to unilinearity, nonetheless maintains a kind of necessity claim for its genealogical object. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: The Three Wheels Exercise Teaching Asana in a Philosophy Class Mountain Pose (Tadasana) Tree Pose (Vrikshasana) General Remarks on Philosophy and Asana Western Philosophy: 2500 years of Pratyahara? Where Now?

본고는 퇴계의 『언행록』에 나타난 사제관계를 통해 퇴계가 추구했던 교육방법 또는 학습법의 특징을 살펴보고, 그 현대 교육적 의미를 탐색한 것이다. 퇴계는 다양한 저술과 제자 교육을 통해 전통 유학 교육에 충실하게 임했다. 특히, 심득(心得)과 궁행(躬行)으로 제자들을 일깨웠는데, 그것은 전통 유학의 교육방식에 기초하였다. 이런 점에서 퇴계는 유학의 교육관과 교육 방식에 따라 스승으로서의 직분에 성실하려고 노력한 것으로 판단된다. 유학에서 스승은 단순한 지식 전수자이기보다는 인간의 전체적 삶의 문제를 고민한 전인적 교사였다. 때문에 스승은 옛것과 새것의 계승과 창조의 측면을 적절히 조화하려는 온고지신(溫故知新)의 자세와 끊임없이 배우며 가르침에 최선을 (...) 다하려는 교육자로서의 태도를 견지했다. 퇴계도 제자마다 개인에 대한 가르침에 성실하게 응대하여 학문의 과정에서 공경과 신뢰를 확보했고, 제자들 또한 그런 학문적 인격에 감화 받고 스승의 학맥을 이어나갔다. 그것은 현대적 의미의 교육방법이나 학습법의 측면에서 이해하면 인지학습과 성인학습의 측면에서 대비할 수 있다. 퇴계의 사제관계에 드러난 교육방법이나 학습법은 인지학습의 측면에서는 잠재학습과 통찰학습, 그리고 모방학습과 상통하고, 성인학습의 측면에서는 경험학습과 자기주도학습, 그리고 의사소통학습의 측면으로 이해할 수 있다. (shrink)

이 논문은 유가 공부론과 명상의 관계에 대해 살펴본 것이다. 최근 우리 사회에는 마음의 병에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 흔히 세계관과 인생관, 가치관에 대한 왜곡된 인식에서 비롯된 마음의 병은 정신의학적 방법으로 치료될 수 없다는 점에서 신경정신과적 질병과는 구분된다. 철학을 비롯하여 문학, 예술 등 다양한 인문학을 활용한 대체치료가 주목받고 있는 것도 이러한 이유에서이다. 명상 또한 이들 가운데 하나이다. ‘명상’은 흔히 불교에서 발전해 온 것으로 생각되지만, 유학과도 밀접한 연관성을 가지고 있다. 불교의 명상은 현실의 삶을 부정하지만, 유가의 명상 철학은 현실과 자아를 인정하는 데서 출발하고 (...) 있다. 또한 유가의 수양론과 명상 철학은 방법론적으로 중요한 의미를 지니고 있다. 일반적으로 진행되는 정신치료나 심리치료는 그 방법이 대개 대화를 통해 이루어진다. ‘대화치료(talking cure)’는 내담자 스스로 자신의 현 상황을 인지하고, 그 문제를 스스로 발견하는 것을 전제로 한다. 일반적으로 현재 인문학을 응용한 치료가 대상으로 삼고 있는 교정기관이나 군부대와 같은 특수기관 수용자에게는 사용하기에도 적합한 방법이 아니다. 이 점에서 ‘마음 다스리기’를 강조한 유가의 공부론과 명상법은 응용할 만한 충분한 가치가 있어 보인다. 여기에서는 유가 공부론과 명상의 관계가 이론적으로 어떤 관계인가를 살펴보고, 퇴계의 『활인심방』을 응용하여 인문치료의 한 모형을 제시하였다. 동양의 수양론이 ‘마음의 병’에 대해 의미있는 이론을 제시하고 있긴 하지만, 이를 구체적으로 현장에서 응용하기란 쉬운 일이 아니다. 이는 수양론 자체가 일생을 두고 수행해야 할 지침이며, 그 성격상 일시적인 수행이나 실습을 통한 효과를 기대하기 어렵기 때문이다. 여기에서 제시하는 수양치료 모형은 이러한 한계를 전제로 한 것으로, 인문치료의 한국적 모형 개발이라는 목적에 따른 시도이다. (shrink)

What happens once the rogue rides off into the sunset? This cross-genre essay considers the figure of the rogue’s decline and gradual dismemberment in the face of the pressures of the world. Beginning with the “rogue” digits and other body parts lost by the men who surrounded him in his youth—especially his grandfather—Dobson considers the costs of labour and poverty in rural environments. For him, the rogue is one who falls somehow outside of cultural, social, and political norms—the one who (...) has decided to step outside of the establishment, outside of the corrupt élites and their highfalutin ways. To do so comes at a cost. Turning to the life of writer George Ryga and to the poetry and fiction of Patrick Lane, this essay examines the real, physical, material, and social costs of transgression across multiple works linked to rural environments in Alberta and British Columbia. The essay shows the ways in which very real forms of violence discipline the rogue, pushing the rogue back into submission or out of mind, back into the shadowy past from whence the rogue first came. Resisting nostalgia while evincing sympathy, this essay delves into what is at stake for one who would become a rogue. (shrink)

Qualities of an ideal human character, according to Islam.

Buddhism perspectives on death; criticism on the thoughts of Buil khyup On Chan, a political leader and Shyan Ukkattha, a famous Buddhist monk in Burma.

Philosophical analysis of Buddhist doctrines; articles.

Philosophical analysis of Buddhist doctrine; selections from the author's works.