Strict Egalitarianism

• Carens, Joseph, 1981, Equality, Moral Incentives and the Market, Chicago: Chicago University Press. (Scholar)
• Rawls, John, 1971, A Theory of Justice, Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar) (Scholar)
• Nielsen, Kai, 1979, “Radical Egalitarian Justice: Justice as Equality,” Social Theory and Practice, 5: 209–226. (Scholar)

The Difference Principle

• Cohen, G.A., 1992, “Incentives, Inequality, and Community,” in Grethe B. Peterson (ed.), The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. (Scholar)
• Crocker, Lawrence, 1977, “Equality, Solidarity, and Rawls’ Maximin,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6: 262–266 (Scholar)
• Rawls, John, 1971, A Theory of Justice, Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1974, “The Independence of Moral Theory,” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 47: 5–22, in Collected Papers, 1999, 286–302. (Scholar)
• –––, 1993, Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, Collected Papers, Sam Freeman, (ed.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Wellbank, J. H., 1982, John Rawls and his critics: an annotated bibliography, New York: Garland. (Scholar)

Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism

• Anderson, Elizabeth, 1999, “What is the Point of Equality?”, Ethics, 109: 287–337. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “The Fundamental Disagreement between Luck Egalitarians and Relational Egalitarians,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy (Supplementary Volume), 36: 1–23. (Scholar)
• Arneson, Richard, 1990, “Liberalism, Distributive Subjectivism, and Equal Opportunity for Welfare,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 19: 158–194. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, “Luck and Equality II,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Supplementary Volume) 75: 73–90. (Scholar)
• Barry, Brian, 1988, “Equal opportunity and moral arbitrariness,” in Equal Opportunity, Norman E. Bowie (ed.), Boulder and London: Westview Press, 23–44. (Scholar)
• Cohen, G. A., 1997, “Where the Action is: On the Site of Distributive Justice,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 26(1): 3–30. (Scholar)
• Daniels, Norman, 1990, “Equality of What: Welfare, Resources, or Capabilities?,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 50: 273–206. (Scholar)
• Dworkin, Ronald, 1981, “What is Equality? Part 1: Equality of Resources,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 10: 185–246. (Scholar)
• –––, 1981, “What is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Welfare,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 10: 283–345. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, Sovereign Virtue, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Fleurbaey, Marc., 2001, “Egalitarian Opportunities,” Law and Philosophy: An International Journal for Jurisprudence and Legal Philosophy, 20: 499–530. (Scholar)
• Hurley, S. L. 2003, Justice, Luck, and Knowledge, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, “Luck and Equality,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Supplementary Volume), 75: 51–72. (Scholar)
• Knight, C. (ed.) 2011, Responsibility and Distributive Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Kronman, Anthony T., 1981, “Talent Pooling,” in J. Roland Pennock and John W.Chapman (eds.), Human Rights: Nomos 23, New York: New York University Press, 58–79. (Scholar)
• Sen, Amartya, 1982, “Equality of What?,” in A. Sen, Choice, Welfare and Measurement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1985, Commodities and Capabilities, Amsterdam: North Holland. (Scholar)
• Sher, G., 2010, “Real-World Luck Egalitarianism,” Social Philosophy and Policy, 27 (1): 218–232. (Scholar)
• Steiner, H. 1997, “Choice and Circumstance,” Ratio: An International Journal of Analytic Philosophy, 10: 296–312. (Scholar)
• Swift, A. 2008, “The Value of Philosophy in Nonideal Circumstances,” Social Theory and Practice: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal of Social Philosophy, 34: 363–387. (Scholar)
• Vallentyne, Peter, 1997, “Self-Ownership and Equality: Brute Luck, Gifts, Universal Dominance, and Leximin,” Ethics, 107: 321–343. (Scholar)
• Wolff, Jonathan, 1998, “Fairness, Respect and the Egalitarian Ethos,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 27: 97–122. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “Fairness, Respect and the Egalitarian Ethos Revisited,” Journal of Ethics, 14: 335–350. (Scholar)

Welfare-Based Principles

• Bailey, James Wood, 1997, Utilitarianism, Institutions, and Justice, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Elster, Jon, and John E. Roemer (eds.), 1991, Interpersonal Comparisons of Well-Being, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Gaus, Gerald F., 1998, “Why All Welfare States (Including Laissez-Faire Ones) Are Unreasonable,” Social Philosophy and Policy, 15: 1–33. (Scholar)
• Glover, Jonathan (ed.), 1990, Utilitarianism and Its Critics, New York: Macmillan. (Scholar)
• Goodin, Robert E., 1995, Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Hardin, Russell, 1988, Morality within the Limits of Reason, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• Rescher, Nicholas, 1966, Distributive Justice: A Constructive Critique of the Utilitarian Theory of Distribution, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. (Scholar)
• Schmidtz, David and Robert E. Goodin, 1998, Social Welfare and Individual Responsibility, For and Against, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Sen, Amartya, and Bernard Williams (eds.), 1982, Utilitarianism and Beyond, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Schroth, J. 2008, “Distributive Justice and Welfarism in Utilitarianism,” Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 51: 123–146. (Scholar)

Desert-Based Principles

• Dick, James, 1975, “How to Justify a Distribution of Earnings,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 4: 248–72. (Scholar)
• Feinberg, Joel, 1970, “Justice and Personal Desert,” Doing and Deserving, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 55–94. (Scholar)
• Lamont, Julian, 1997, “Incentive Income, Deserved Income, and Economic Rents,” Journal of Political Philosophy, 5: 26–46. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995, “Problems For Effort-Based Distribution Principles,” Journal of Applied Philosophy, 12: 215–229. (Scholar)
• –––, 1994, “The Concept of Desert in Distributive Justice,” The Philosophical Quarterly, 44: 45–64. (Scholar)
• Mill, John Stuart, 1848, Principles of Political Economy, W.J. Ashley (ed.), New York: Kelly, 1965. Reprint of the 1909 edition. (Scholar)
• Miller, David, 1989, Market, State, and Community, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1976, Social Justice, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Milne, Heather, 1986, “Desert, effort and equality,” Journal of Applied Philosophy, 3: 235–243. . (Scholar)
• Pojman, L. and McLeod, O. (eds), 1999, What Do We Deserve?, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Riley, Jonathan, 1989, “Justice Under Capitalism,” Markets and Justice, John W. Chapman (ed.), New York: New York University Press, 122–162. (Scholar)
• Sadurski, Wojciech, 1985a, Giving Desert Its Due, Dordrecht: D. Reidel. (Scholar)
• –––, 1985b, Giving desert its due : social justice and legal theory (Law and Philosophy Library, Volume 2), Dordrecht, Boston: D. Reidel. (Scholar)
• Sher, George, Desert, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.
• Zaitchik, Alan, 1977, “On Deserving to Deserve,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6: 370–388. (Scholar)

Libertarian Principles

• Bogart, J. H., 1985, “Lockean Provisos and State of Nature Theories,” Ethics, 95: 828–836. (Scholar)
• Christman, John, 1991, “Self-Ownership, Equality, and the Structure of Property Rights,” Political Theory, 19: 28–46. (Scholar)
• Cohen, G. A., 1995, Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• George, Henry, 1879, Progress and Poverty, 5th ed., New York, NY: Appleton and Company. (Scholar)
• Hayek, Friedrich A., 1960, The Constitution of Liberty, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul. (Scholar)
• Hospers, J. 1971, Libertarianism: a Political Philosophy for Tomorrow, Los Angeles: Nash. (Scholar)
• Kymlicka, Will, 1990, Contemporary Political Philosophy, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar) (Scholar)
• Lomasky, Loren E., 1987, Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Mack, E., 1995, “The Self-Ownership Proviso: A New and Improved Lockean Proviso,” Social Philosophy and Policy, 12: 186–218. (Scholar)
• Narveson, J., 1988, The Libertarian Idea, Philadelphia: Temple University Press. (Scholar)
• Nozick, Robert, 1974, Anarchy, State and Utopia, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
• Otsuka, M., 2003, Libertarianism without Inequality, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Schmidtz, D., 2005, “History and Pattern,” Social Philosophy and Policy, 22: 148–177. (Scholar)
• Steiner, H., 1981, Liberty and Equality, Political Studies, 29: 555–569. (Scholar)
• –––, 1994, An Essay on Rights, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. (Scholar)
• Vallentyne, P. and H. Steiner (eds.), 2000a, Left Libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate, New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. (Scholar)
• ––– (eds.), 2000b, The Origins of Left Libertarianism: An Anthology of Historical Writings, New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. (Scholar)
• Van Parijs, Philippe, 1995, Real Freedom for All, What (if anything) Can Justify Capitalism, Oxford: Clarendon Press (Scholar)

Feminist Principles

• Okin, Susan Moller, 1991, Justice, Gender and the Family, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
• Hampton, Jean, 1997, Political Philosophy, Boulder: Westview Press. (Scholar)
• Held, Virginia, 1994, Rights and Goods: justifying social action, New York: Free Press. (Scholar)
• Gatens, Moira, 1991, Feminism and Philosophy: Perspectives on Difference and Equality, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. (Scholar)
• MacKinnon, Catherine A., 2001, Sex Equality, New York: Foundation Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1987, Feminism Unmodified: Discourses of Life and Law, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Pateman, Carol, 1988, The Sexual Contract, Stanford: Stanford University Press. (Scholar)
• Tong, Rosemary, 1993, Feminine and Feminist Ethics, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. (Scholar)

Methodology and Empirical Beliefs about Distributive Justice

• Daniels, Norman, 1996, Justice and Justification: Reflective Equilibrium in Theory and Practice, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Elster, Jon, 1995, “The Empirical Study of Justice,” in Pluralism, Justice, and Equality, David Miller and Michael Walzer (eds.), New York: Oxford University Press, 81–98. . (Scholar)
• Miller, David, 1999, Principles of Social Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Stemplowska, Zofia and Swift, Adam, 2012, “Ideal and Nonideal Theory,” in David Estlund (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Swift, Adam, 1999, “Public Opinion and Political Philosophy: The relation between social-scientific and philosophical analyses of distributive justice,” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice: An International Forum, 2: 337–363 . (Scholar)
• Swift, Adam, and Gordon Marshall, Carole Burgoyne, and David Routh, 1995, “Distributive justice: Does it matter what the people think?,” in Social Justice and Political Change., D. Mason, J. Kluegel and B. Wegener (eds.), New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 15–47 . (Scholar)
• Valentini, Laura 2012, “Ideal vs. Non-ideal Theory: A Conceptual Map,” in Philosophical Compass, 7(9): 654–664. (Scholar) (Scholar)

For extensive further references on reflective equilibrium see the entry on reflective equilibrium.

Further Theories and General Reference

• Ackerman, Bruce A., 1980, Social Justice and the Liberal State, New Haven: Yale University Press. (Scholar)
• Alstott, Anne and Bruce A. Ackerman, 1999, The Stakeholder Society, New Haven: Yale University Press. (Scholar)
• Arthur, John and William Shaw (eds.), 1991, Justice and Economic Distribution 2nd Ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. (Scholar)
• Barry, Brian, 1965, Political Argument, London: Routledge and Keagan Paul. (Scholar)
• –––, 1989, Theories of Justice (Volume 1), Berkeley: University of California Press. (Scholar)
• Cohen, G.A., 1997, “Where the Action Is: On the Site of Distributive Justice,” in Philosophy and Public Affairs, 26: 3–30. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, If You’re an Egalitarian, How Come You’re so Rich?, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Gauthier, David, 1987, Morals by Agreement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Kymlicka, Will, 1990, Contemporary Political Philosophy, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Parfit, Derek, 1986, Reasons and Persons, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Roemer, John E., 1996, Theories of Distributive Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Scheffler, Samuel, 2001, Boundaries and Allegiances, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Schmidtz, D. 2006, Elements of Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Stemplowska, Zofia and Swift, Adam, 2012, “Ideal and Nonideal Theory,” in David Estlund (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Valentini, Laura 2012, “Ideal vs. Non-ideal Theory: A Conceptual Map,” in Philosophical Compass, 7(9): 654–664. (Scholar)
• Walzer Michael, 1984, Spheres of Justice, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)

Extended Bibliography

Extended Bibliography on Distributive Justice [Supplement]